Online Resources
Removal (21 resources)

How Did Six Different Native Nations Try to Avoid Removal?
Classroom
This interactive features illustrated stories of the strategies that American Indian leaders from six different nations used in their attempts to keep their homelands.

The Removal of the Muscogee Nation
Classroom
This interactive uses primary sources, quotes, images, animations, and short videos of contemporary Muscogee people to tell the story of the Muscogee Nation's experience before, during, and after removal.

Nation to Nation
Website
Treaties define the sovereign relationship between the United States and American Indian Nations.

The Pawnee Treaties of 1833 and 1857: Why Do Some Treaties Fail?
Classroom
This online lesson provides Native perspectives, images, documents, and other sources to help students and teachers understand the difficult choices and consequences the Pawnee Nation faced when entering into treaty negotiations with the United States.

The Trail of Tears: A Story of Cherokee Removal
Classroom
This interactive uses primary sources, quotes, images, and short videos of contemporary Cherokee people to tell the story of how the Cherokee Nation resisted removal and persisted to renew and rebuild their nation.

American Indian Removal: Does It Make Sense?
Classroom
This animated video captures the responses of middle school students who learned about the history of American Indian removal.

The Navajo Treaty of 1868: Why Was the Navajo Journey Home So Remarkable?
Classroom
This online lesson provides Native perspectives, images, documents, and other sources to help students and teachers understand the remarkable nature of the Navajo Treaty of 1868 and why the Navajo maintained an unflinching resolve to return home.

The Importance of U.S. Federal Indian Policy + Understanding the Colonial and Treaty Eras
Video
This webinar examined why an understanding of the history of U.S. federal Indian policy is critical to understanding the relationship between Native nations and the United States today.

The Human Side of the Removal, Allotment, and Assimilation Policies
Video
This webinar considered how U.S. federal Indian policies impact people and communities on a personal level.

Policy Pendulum Swings: Tribal Reorganization, Termination, and Self-Determination
Video
This webinar focused on three vastly divergent federal Indian policies and their positive and negative impacts on Native nations historically and today.

Diplomacy, Debate, and the American Indian Removal Act
Video
This video shares how the National Museum of the American Indian's resources can be used for research in the National History Day competition.

The Treaty That Forced the Cherokee People from Their Homelands Goes on View
Blog
The Treaty of New Echota was used by the United States to justify the removal of the Cherokee people along the Trail of Tears.

Director's Discussion with Steve Inskeep
Video
Steve Inskeep, host of NPR’s Morning Edition and the author of Jacksonland, discusses President Andrew Jackson’s long-running conflict with John Ross, a Cherokee chief who resisted the removal of Indians from the eastern United States in the 1830s.

The Treaty that Reversed a Removal—the Navajo Treaty of 1868—Goes on View
Blog
Written on paper from an army ledger book, the Navajo Nation Treaty reunited the Navajo with a portion of the land taken from them by the U.S. government.

Thinking about the Indian Removal Act
Blog
The Indian Removal Act, signed by Andrew Jackson in 1830, became for American Indians one of the most detrimental laws in U.S. history.

Cherokee Days 2015: Trail of Tears
Video
Catherine Foreman Gray, History and Preservation Officer for the Cherokee Nation, gives a talk on what led up to the Cherokee Trail of Tears.

Nation to Nation: The “Indian Problem”
Video
For Indian nations, U.S. government policies that undermined tribal sovereignty resulted in broken treaties, vast land loss, removal and relocation, population decline, and cultural decimation.

1871: The End of Indian Treaty-Making
Article
Why did treaty-making with Indian nations fall into disfavor? The answer lies in understanding the transformation of American thought about Indian nations after the Civil War.

Nation to Nation: Treaties Between the United States and American Indian Nations
Article
Treaties matter, not only to American Indians, but to everyone who lives in the United States.

Cherokee Days 2014: Trail of Tears with Catherine Foreman Gray
Video
Catherine Foreman Gray, History and Preservation Officer for the Cherokee Nation, addresses the Trail of Tears and the events that led up to the removal of the Cherokee people.

Artist Leadership Program: Sarah Elisabeth Sawyer
Video
Sarah Elisabeth Sawyer (Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma) coordinated a workshop to guide both advanced and novice Choctaw writers in writing fictional removal stories based on historical events and family histories.