California Native American Survival and Resilience During the Mission Period

A Source Investigation

Sunset over a green valley and Palomar Mountain, a sacred mountain in Luiseño homelands, in present-day San Diego County.

This inquiry lesson provides primary and secondary sources, maps, images, background history, and objects from our collection to offer teachers and students insight into California Native American resilience during the Spanish mission period. Students will analyze sources to answer the question, Native Americans of California during the mission period: How did Native people resist and persist in the face of extreme adversity? Scroll to begin exploring California Native American resistance and persistence during Spanish colonization.

Central Question

Native Americans of California during the mission period: How did Native people resist and persist in the face of extreme adversity?

Source Explorer

Analyze sources to answer the central question.

Explore Sources to Investigate Further
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Headshot of a woman wearing a woven hat and a denim jacket

Introductory Essay

Cultural Resilience through Ancestral Teachings

Headshot of a man standing outdoors, backed by an open landscape

Introductory Essay

Native American Resilience and Colonial Missions

Map illustration of California

Map Gallery

Maps of California and Mission Locations

A drawing of a brown cross is outlined in white on a gold background, with red paint spattered on the cross and surrounding area

Artist's Perspective

A Visual Interpretation

Headshot of a woman wearing a dark t-shirt and a beaded necklace

Contemporary Voices

Reflections on Resilience

Petaluma River, wetlands, and hills in Coast Miwok homeland, in present-day Sonoma and Marin counties. Photograph from Flickr/Darrel Rhea.